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Baltic Ivy

Hedera helix (HED-er-ah HEE-licks)

Family: Araliaceae Non-native Vine (vertical)

English ivy is a broadleaf evergreen, woody, vining, perennial ground cover in the ginseng family (Araliaceae) that rapidly grows 20 to 80 feet high and 3 to 50 feet wide. It is an invasive species in North Carolina that was introduced from Europe and Scandinavia east to Russia. In North America, English ivy is widespread in urban areas and disturbed forests. The plant grows in two stages. The juvenile stage is the climbing, spreading stage, producing thick green, glossy leaves on non-flowering stems with adventitious roots. The adult stage is the shrubby non-climbing stage in which stems do not spread or climb, but do produce clusters of greenish-white flowers in early fall followed by blue-black toxic berries. It spreads by division, root cutting, seed and stem cutting. Its aggressive and vining nature causes English ivy to climb trees and shrubs and will eventually kill them. In natural or forested areas it smothers the ground, preventing native wildflower, shrub and tree seedlings from sprouting. Once established, it is nearly impossible to eradicate and vines planted around homes easily crawl into unintended areas, curl around gutters, and damage painted surfaces, loose mortar and aluminum siding. The 80 foot height potential for this plant reflects a landscape plant. It is safer, in North Carolina, to grow English ivy as a houseplant. If grown outdoors, plant it in a patio container. This plant is problematic and landscape alternatives should be considered. Please see the suggestions in the left-hand column or this video created by Charlotte Glen as part of the Plants, Pests, and Pathogens series. Insects, Diseases and Other Plant Problems : English ivy is subject to aphids, mealybugs, caterpillars, mites, loopers and scale. Watch for leaf spots, canker, bacterial leaf spot, stem rot and powdery mildew.

Source: NC State Extension Gardener Plant Toolbox ↗ NC State Extension Gardener Plant Toolbox, 80 attributes.

How it fits the guild

Guild layer 6 - Vine (vertical) Optimal soil pH Acid (<6.0); Alkaline (>8.0); Neutral (6.0-8.0)
See companions & conflicts ↓

Companions & Conflicts

Curated pairwise relationships between this plant and others in the library — who feeds whom, who competes, who confuses the pests. Green reads as a good pairing, red as one to avoid.

No curated interactions recorded for this species yet.

Also noted by NC State

Related species the NC State Plant Toolbox flags for this plant — look-alikes to tell apart, and plants that play a similar role in a planting. Ones we carry in the library are linked.

Often confused with Ficus pumila Hedera canariensis x Fatshedera lizei
Similar, less problematic Arctostaphylos uva-ursi Clematis x hybrida Gaultheria shallon Hydrangea hydrangeoides Hydrangea hydrangeoides 'Moonlight'

Full plant profile

Growing Conditions
Plant type
Ground Cover; Houseplant; Perennial; Poisonous; Vine; Weed
Life cycle
Perennial; Woody
USDA zones
4a, 4b, 5a, 5b, 6a, 6b, 7a, 7b, 8a, 8b, 9a, 9b, 10a, 10b, 11a, 11b, 12a, 12b, 13a, 13b
Light
Dappled Sunlight (Shade through upper canopy all day) | Deep shade (Less than 2 hours to no direct sunlight) | Full sun (6 or more hours of direct sunlight a day) | Partial Shade (Direct sunlight only part of the day, 2-6 hours)
Soil texture
Clay; High Organic Matter; Loam (Silt); Sand; Shallow Rocky
Soil pH
Acid (<6.0); Alkaline (>8.0); Neutral (6.0-8.0)
Soil drainage
Good Drainage | Moist | Occasionally Wet
Available space
24-60 feet; more than 60 feet
NC region
Coastal; Mountains; Piedmont
Mature size
Height: 20 ft. 0 in. - 80 ft. 6 in. | Width: 3 ft. 0 in. - 50 ft. 0 in.
Growth rate
Rapid
Maintenance
High
Canopy layer
6 - Vine (vertical)
Form & Appearance
Habit / form
Ascending; Climbing; Creeping; Prostrate
Texture
Coarse
Foliage
Broadleaf Evergreen
Leaf color
Green; Variegated; White
Leaf type
Simple
Leaf arrangement
Alternate
Leaf shape
Palmasect
Leaf margin
Entire; Lobed
Leaf feel
Glossy
Leaf value
Long-lasting
Leaf size
1-3 inches long, 1-3 inches wide
Hairs present
No
Leaf detail
Evergreen, 3-5 palmate lobes with palmate venation when juvenile, ovate to rhombic on mature/adult branches borne well off the ground; leaves dark green above and lustrous, prominently whitish-gray becoming lighter green with age borne adjacent to major veins. Leaves are typically 4 inches long Γ— 2.5 to 5 inches wide.
Flower color
Gold/Yellow; Green
Flower form
Insignificant; Umbel
Flower size
< 1 inch
Flower detail
Flowers small, greenish-yellow, 5-parted. An umbel or compound umbels. Only occur on mature branches.
Bloom time
Fall; Summer
Fruit color
Black; Blue
Fruit type
Aggregate; Berry; Drupe
Fruit size
< 1 inch long, < 1 inch wide
Fruit detail
Conspicuous cluster of black berry-like drupes.
Bark color
Green
Bark detail
Usually not visible under leaf cover unless plant is climbing a structure or tree.
Stem color
Brown/Copper; Green
Stem detail
Produces adventitious roots for climbing. Individual English ivy plants may have both juvenile and adult stems. The juvenile phase typically forms the ground cover. Juvenile English ivy begins to climb when vertical structure is available (e.g., trees, shrubs, buildings, utility poles), and vertical stems transition to the adult phase.
Wildlife & Ecology
Native status
Non-native
Origin
Europe, Scandinavia east to Russia
Distribution
Argentina, Morocco, New South Wales, New Zealand, Queensland, South Australia, Tasmania, United States, Victoria, and Western Australia
Attracts
Songbirds
Food & Medicine
Edible parts
Leaves
Harvest time
Fall
Fruit type
Aggregate; Berry; Drupe

Edibility

Leaves and berries are toxic to humans.

Uses (ethnobotany)

Historically, English ivy was used as a topical agent for its antifungal and antimicrobial properties.

Landscape Use
Landscape location
Container; Houseplants
Garden tags
#apvg #invasive #evergreen #poisonous #perennial weed #fantz #problem for cats #apvg-vg #problem for dogs #problem for horses #deer browsing plant #drought tolerant #glossy leaves #evergreen vine #aggressive #contact dermatitis #dense growth #landscape plant sleuths course #high maintenance #cpp #houseplant #HS111 #hortcontest #HS303 #fpp #th-wildlife #th-smell
Problems & Resistance
Insect problems
Aphids on Ornamental Landscape Plants; Mealybugs Found on Flowers and Foliage; Caterpillars Found on Flowers and Foliage; Armored Scale Identification and Management on Ornamental Plants; Soft Scale Identification and Management on Ornamental Plants; Twospotted Spider Mites on Landscape Plants
Other problems
White-Tailed Deer; Controlling English Ivy in Urban Landscapes
Problems
Contact Dermatitis; Invasive Species; Poisonous to Humans; Problem for Cats; Problem for Dogs; Problem for Horses; Weedy
Resistant to
Drought; Heavy Shade; Salt
Propagation
Division; Root Cutting; Seed; Stem Cutting
Fire risk
low flammability
Poison severity
Medium
Poison parts
Bark; Flowers; Fruits; Leaves; Roots; Sap/Juice; Seeds; Stems
Poison symptoms
Contact with plant cell sap causes severe skin irritation with redness, itching, and blisters. Ingestion of berries causes burning sensation in the throat. Ingestion of leaves can result in delirium, stupor, convulsions, hallucinations, fever and rash, vomiting, abdominal pain, hypersalivation, and diarrhea. Foliage is more toxic than berries. English ivy contains allergens that may affect humans.
Toxic principle
Triterpenoid saponins and polyacetylene compounds
Contact dermatitis
Yes
Toxicity summary
Medium severity poison; parts: Bark; Flowers; Fruits; Leaves; Roots; Sap/Juice; Seeds; Stems; contact dermatitis

Planted at Hunnicutt

Nobody’s planted this one yet.