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Black Hellebore

Helleborus niger (hel-eh-BORE-us NY-jer)

Family: Ranunculaceae Non-native Herbaceous (1-3 ft)

Black hellebore is a winter-blooming evergreen perennial in the Ranunculaceae family. They are often called Christmas roses because they bloom around Christmas in warmer regions and in early spring in cooler areas. The scientific name comes from the Greek words ' helein ', meaning injures, and ' bora ', meaning food, referring to the toxic properties when the plant is eaten. The specific name ' niger ', which means black, is in reference to the color of the roots. Plant in partial to full shade with organically enriched soil. It is intolerant of bright winter sun and high temperatures but is resistant to damage by deer browsing. They grow to a height of 9 to 12 inches tall with stemless basal leaves and have large, bowl-shaped, white flowers with yellow stamens that appear late winter to very early spring. They are an excellent cut flower and are attractive when set floating in a bowl of water. Utilize this in a border front, in patio plantings, along walkways, or other in protected, shady spots like under shade trees or large shrubs. It is an excellent choice for long, winter blooming display so place it where its blooms will be enjoyed. It will self-seed easily, and when planted in small groups or massed, it makes an attractive clumping groundcover even when the flowers are spent. It is often offered as a florist plant during the winter holidays. While there are numerous hybrid selections and species available, they are often difficult to distinguish and are misidentified in the trade. The common name lenten rose is used for many of them though it is a name historically associated with H. orientalis . Quick ID Hints: Flowers nodding, petaloid sepals Short plant with stiff, large, evergreen leaves Leaves are palmately divided into many leaflets Flower center of numerous stamens outlined by tubular nectaries, or fleshy, beaked capsules Insects, Diseases, Other Plant Problems: Aphids and slugs are occasional pests. Fungal diseases can be a problem. The leaves and roots are poisonous. This plant can spread through self-seeding. The NC Invasive Plant Council regards all hellebores as potentially invasive, although the threat is low. More information on Helleborus .

Source: NC State Extension Gardener Plant Toolbox ↗ NC State Extension Gardener Plant Toolbox, 56 attributes.

How it fits the guild

Guild layer 4 - Herbaceous (1-3 ft) Optimal soil pH Alkaline (>8.0); Neutral (6.0-8.0)
See companions & conflicts ↓

Companions & Conflicts

Curated pairwise relationships between this plant and others in the library — who feeds whom, who competes, who confuses the pests. Green reads as a good pairing, red as one to avoid.

No curated interactions recorded for this species yet.

Also noted by NC State

Related species the NC State Plant Toolbox flags for this plant — look-alikes to tell apart, and plants that play a similar role in a planting. Ones we carry in the library are linked.

Fills a similar niche Helleborus orientalis Helleborus x hybridus Narcissus

Full plant profile

Growing Conditions
Plant type
Ground Cover; Herbaceous Perennial; Poisonous
Life cycle
Perennial
USDA zones
3a, 3b, 4a, 4b, 5a, 5b, 6a, 6b, 7a, 7b, 8a, 8b
Light
Dappled Sunlight (Shade through upper canopy all day) | Deep shade (Less than 2 hours to no direct sunlight) | Partial Shade (Direct sunlight only part of the day, 2-6 hours)
Soil texture
High Organic Matter
Soil pH
Alkaline (>8.0); Neutral (6.0-8.0)
Soil drainage
Good Drainage | Occasionally Dry
Available space
Less than 12 inches; 12 inches-3 feet
NC region
Coastal; Mountains; Piedmont
Mature size
Height: 0 ft. 9 in. - 1 ft. 0 in. | Width: 1 ft. 0 in. - 1 ft. 6 in.
Growth rate
Slow
Maintenance
Medium
Canopy layer
4 - Herbaceous (1-3 ft)
Form & Appearance
Habit / form
Clumping; Erect
Foliage
Broadleaf Evergreen
Leaf color
Green
Leaf type
Compound (Pinnately , Bipinnately, Palmately)
Leaf arrangement
Alternate
Leaf margin
Serrate
Leaf feel
Waxy
Hairs present
No
Leaf detail
Dark green bastal alternate, palmately divided with 7-9 leaflets. Basal or cauline, palmately compound, coriaceous, glabrous; petiloes elongate, peltate; leaflets 3-9, irregularly toothed or serrate.
Flower color
Pink; White
Flower value
Good Cut; Showy
Flower form
Solitary
Flower shape
Cup
Flower size
1-3 inches
Flower detail
Solitary cup shaped 3 inches across with 5 white to rose sepals and showy yellow stamens.
Bloom time
Spring; Winter
Fruit type
Capsule
Fruit detail
Clustered, green, fleshy capsules, long-beaked, surrounded by persistent sepals.
Stem detail
Stout, rhizomatous or exposed.
Wildlife & Ecology
Native status
Non-native
Origin
alpine and open woodlands in central and southern Europe
Food & Medicine
Fruit type
Capsule
Landscape Use
Landscape location
Container; Naturalized Area; Patio; Walkways; Woodland
Landscape theme
Cottage Garden; Shade Garden; Winter Garden
Design feature
Border; Mass Planting; Small groups
Garden tags
#poisonous #drought tolerant #winter interest #shelter for wildlife #deer resistant #shade garden #alkaline soils tolerant #well-drained soil #cottage garden #fantz #HS302 #Christmas decorations #problem for cats #problem for dogs #problem for horses #broadleaf evergreen #evergreen #partial shade tolerant #container plant #flowers early spring #flowers late winter #border front #dry shade #mass planting #cutting garden #perennial #patio #rabbit resistant #florist plant #walkway #contact dermatitis
Problems & Resistance
Problems
Contact Dermatitis; Poisonous to Humans; Problem for Cats; Problem for Dogs; Problem for Horses
Resistant to
Deer; Drought; Dry Soil; Heavy Shade; Rabbits
Particularly resistant to
Deer and rabbit resistant
Propagation
Seed
Poison severity
Medium
Poison parts
Bark; Flowers; Fruits; Leaves; Roots; Sap/Juice; Seeds; Stems
Poison symptoms
TOXIC ONLY IF LARGE QUANTITIES EATEN. SKIN IRRITATION MINOR, OR LASTING ONLY FOR A FEW MINUTES. Burning of mouth and throat, salivation, vomiting, abdominal cramping, diarrhea, nervous symptoms, depression. Skin irritation after contact with cell sap.
Toxic principle
Cardiac glycosides, saponins, Protoanemonin
Contact dermatitis
Yes
Toxicity summary
Medium severity poison; parts: Bark; Flowers; Fruits; Leaves; Roots; Sap/Juice; Seeds; Stems; contact dermatitis

Planted at Hunnicutt

Nobody’s planted this one yet.