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European Euonymus

Euonymus europaeus (yoo-ON-ih-mus yoo-ROH-pay-us)

Family: Celastraceae Non-native Understory (15-40 ft)

European Spindle Tree is a tall, upright, sometimes spindly, deciduous shrub or small tree that has the typical Euonymus characteristics; a tough, long-lasting plant that grows rounder and wider as it matures. In the wild, European Spindle Tree is usually found in the woods, scrub, and hedges of Europe, usually on calcareous soils. It also has the poisonous characteristic typical of all Euonymus shrubs when parts are eaten in large quantities. No parts of the shrub should be eaten, including the berries or flowers. This shrub has weedy to invasive tendencies and should be avoided. Please see alternative shrubs to the left. These shrubs are not known for showy flowers, which are small, half inch in size, and yellowish green in mid-spring. In the fall, the leaf color can be dull tan to yellow-green to a a burgundy. Its' most showy feature is the brightly colored fall berries that begin shrouded in pink to red capsules and open to bright orange fleshy seed coverings (arils), which are eaten by some birds. The European Spindle Tree is particularly suited to dry shaded areas and prefers a well-drained, alkaline, loamy soil. It tolerates most soil types and should be planted in well drained but moist soil in full sun to part shade. It tolerates close to full shade, but at the expense of diminished fall color. It appreciates consistent and even moisture, particularly when grown in full sun locations. Note that these plants often struggle in the southeastern United States, south of USDA Zone 7. Diseases, Insect Pests, and Other Plant Problems: No serious insect or disease problems. Scale can be a significant problem and should be treated if it appears. Possible disease problems include twig blight, anthracnose, crown gall, leaf spot and mildew. Birds spread the seeds, leading to the shrub's tendency to invasiveness, which can be controlled through pruning. The Clemson Cooperative Extension Home & Garden Information Center has a factsheet on common pests and diseases. More information on Euonymus .

Source: NC State Extension Gardener Plant Toolbox ↗ NC State Extension Gardener Plant Toolbox, 72 attributes.

How it fits the guild

Guild layer 2 - Understory (15-40 ft) Optimal soil pH Alkaline (>8.0); Neutral (6.0-8.0)
See companions & conflicts ↓

Companions & Conflicts

Curated pairwise relationships between this plant and others in the library — who feeds whom, who competes, who confuses the pests. Green reads as a good pairing, red as one to avoid.

No curated interactions recorded for this species yet.

Also noted by NC State

Related species the NC State Plant Toolbox flags for this plant — look-alikes to tell apart, and plants that play a similar role in a planting. Ones we carry in the library are linked.

Fills a similar niche Ampelopsis glandulosa var. brevipedunculata Euonymus alatus Euonymus alatus 'Compactus'
Similar, less problematic Viburnum davidii

Full plant profile

Growing Conditions
Plant type
Poisonous; Shrub; Tree
Life cycle
Perennial
USDA zones
3a, 3b, 4a, 4b, 5a, 5b, 6a, 6b, 7a, 7b
Light
Full sun (6 or more hours of direct sunlight a day) | Partial Shade (Direct sunlight only part of the day, 2-6 hours)
Soil texture
Clay; Loam (Silt); Sand
Soil pH
Alkaline (>8.0); Neutral (6.0-8.0)
Soil drainage
Good Drainage | Moist | Occasionally Dry
NC region
Mountains
Mature size
Height: 12 ft. 0 in. - 20 ft. 0 in. | Width: 10 ft. 0 in. - 16 ft. 0 in.
Growth rate
Rapid
Maintenance
High
Canopy layer
2 - Understory (15-40 ft)
Form & Appearance
Habit / form
Ascending; Erect; Irregular; Rounded
Texture
Medium
Foliage
Deciduous
Leaf color
Gold/Yellow; Green; Purple/Lavender
Leaf type
Simple
Leaf arrangement
Opposite
Leaf shape
Oblanceolate; Obovate; Ovate
Leaf margin
Crenate
Leaf feel
Smooth
Leaf value
Showy
Leaf size
1-3 inches long, 1-3 inches wide
Hairs present
No
Leaf detail
Ovate to oblong-lanceolate, crenate-serrate, glabrous, dull dark green leaves (to 3 inches long) turn variable shades of red to orange to purple in fall. Base is wedge-shaped with a pointed tip and margins have rounded teeth
Fall color
Cream/Tan; Gold/Yellow
Flower color
Gold/Yellow; Green
Flower form
Cyme; Insignificant
Flower shape
Cross
Flower size
< 1 inch
Flower detail
Small, yellowish-green flowers (1/2 inch across) bloom in 3 to 5 flowered cymes from late April to June. Flowers are not very showy.
Bloom time
Spring; Summer
Fruit color
Pink; Red/Burgundy
Fruit type
Berry; Capsule
Fruit value
Showy
Fruit size
< 1 inch wide
Fruit detail
The colorful pinkish to red berry emerges from a capsule in the fall. It should not be eaten by humans. It is about one half to three quarters inch across. Pinkish-red capsules split open to reveal tiny seeds, each of which is encased in a fleshy orange aril. Seeds are attractive to certain birds who eat and distribute them.
Bark color
Dark Gray; Light Brown
Bark detail
Grey-brown bark when shrub matures with ridges
Stem color
Green
Stem detail
Thin, greenish-red stems. Brown branches are square
Wildlife & Ecology
Native status
Non-native
Origin
Europe to Caucasus and western Asia.
Distribution
Widely distributed in Europe (Britain to Sweden, south to Spain) and western Asia. Also found in eastern Canada and the eastern United States.
Wildlife value
Some birds eat the berries
Attracts
Songbirds
Food & Medicine
Harvest time
Fall
Fruit type
Berry; Capsule

Edibility

Toxic when eaten in quantity by humans.

Uses (ethnobotany)

The whole plant yields a volatile oil that is used in soap making. A high quality charcoal is obtained from the wood, it is used by artists.

Landscape Use
Garden tags
#deciduous #hardy #large spaces #small tree #poisonous #shrub #full sun tolerant #partial shade tolerant #fast growing #high maintenance #wildlife friendly #weedy #hortcontest
Problems & Resistance
Problems
Poisonous to Humans; Weedy
Propagation
Seed; Stem Cutting
Poison severity
Low
Poison parts
Bark; Flowers; Fruits; Leaves; Roots; Seeds; Stems
Poison symptoms
Vomiting, diarrhea, weakness, chills, coma, and convulsions if any parts, including berries, are eaten in large quantities.
Toxic principle
Unidentified, possibly a glycoside
Contact dermatitis
No
Toxicity summary
Low severity poison; parts: Bark; Flowers; Fruits; Leaves; Roots; Seeds; Stems

Planted at Hunnicutt

Nobody’s planted this one yet.